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POLICING PROLIFERATION: ON MILITARIZATION AND ATOMIC ENERGY CANADA LIMITED'S NUCLEAR RESPONSE FORCES
Kevin Walby and Jeff Monaghan
Carleton University
This paper describes the militarization of security and police forces occurring in Canada vis-à-vis regulation of the nuclear industry. Based on analysis of access to information requests, we investigate the operations of Nuclear Response Forces (NRFs) on nuclear sites in Canada, including the structural features of these NRFs, and their connections to local as well as national security and policing agencies. Our research explores the post-11 September 2001 impact of "design basis threat" assessment and counterterrorism policy on policing operations. Design basis threat assessment organizes security and policing practices according to adversarial models of military operation. We argue that the literature concerning militarization of policing must be extended to account for how the coordination of private and public security agencies as well as intelligence agencies at critical infrastructure sites facilitates the distribution of military technology and strategy across numerous scales of policing. Commenting on how militarization of security vis-à-vis nuclear proliferation in Canada is affecting some rural police forces, we contend that the design basis threat model of counterterrorism is transforming the strategy and operations of some local police forces working in jurisdictions near nuclear sites.
NOEUDS OU CHAMPS ? ANALYSE DE L'EXPERTISE INTERNATIONALE SUR LA CRIMINALITÉ TRANSNATIONALE ORGANISÉE ET LE TERRORISME
Amandine Scherrer
Chercheure invitée, Department of Politics, Université de Manchester
Chercheure associée à la Chaire de recherche du Canada en sécurité, identité et technologie, Université de Montréal
Benoît Dupont
Titulaire de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en sécurité, identité et technologie, Université de Montréal
In the particular context of the post-Cold War era, when military threat reconstructed itself in discourses around more diffuse phenomena like organised transnational crime and terrorism, civil servants from state administrations were called upon to participate in more or less formal meetings within the framework of regional and/or international institutions. These meetings intensified during the 1990s, which helped reinforce or create networks of actors at an international level. Analysis of these work groups, also called "expert groups". presents a certain number of empirical and epistemological difficulties that are explored in this article. The objective is to shed light on one of these expert groups in particular and, using empirical data that are often difficult to collect, assess the pertinence of two theoretical approaches developed in the social sciences: field theory and nodal governance.
LAY PERCEPTIONS OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY OFFENDERS
Anita Lam
Jennifer Mitchell
University of Toronto
Michael C. Seto
Royal Ottawa Health Care Group
The present study examined how age and gender of the depicted minor (Study 1) and offender (Study 2) influenced university students' perceptions of the offence of possession of child pornography. A total of 492 participants rated perceived offence severity, appropriate sentence, probability of child pornography reoffence, probability of past and future sexual contact with a minor, and probability that the offender is a pedophile. In Study 1, the possession offence was rated as more severe if the depicted minor was younger, irrespective of the minor's gender. In Study 2, age and gender of the offender had no effect on perceptions of offence severity, but male offenders were considered to be at higher risk for committing a future child pornography offence. In both studies, participants rated the offence as more severe if they believed the offender was likely a pedophile. The study findings indicate a divergence between lay perceptions and the empirical evidence relating to child pornography offenders. We discuss potential implications on public policy, law, and research.
BAD DATES AND STREET HASSLES: VIOLENCE IN THE WINNIPEG STREET SEX TRADE
Elizabeth Comack
Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba
Maya Seshia
Department of Political Science, University of Alberta
Violence has become an all too regular feature of the street sex trade, yet we know very little about the nature of this violence and even less about its perpetrators. In order to map out the social characteristics of the perpetrators, the location where these events are most likely to occur, the forms of the violence that take place, and the presence of weapons, this study draws on data gleaned from reports of "bad dates" and "street hassles" published in two newsletters distributed by inner-city agencies in Winnipeg. The findings support the view that working in the street sex trade is a job that carries considerable risk. While violence against street sex trade workers is part of the continuum of violence against women, the social circumstances in which they work and the "discourse of disposal" that prevails combine to make street sex trade workers even more susceptible to this violence.
REFORMING INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING IN CANADA
Brent Snook and Joseph Eastwood
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Michael Stinson
Greater Sudbury Police Service
John Tedeschini
Edmonton Police Service
John C. House
Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
Investigative interviewing practices in Canada require substantive reform. Adult witness and victim interview training for Canadian police officers is often cursory, and suspect interview training is limited to the much-maligned Reid technique. This state of affairs is troublesome because interviewers may not be maximizing the quality and quantity of information that can be retrieved from interviewees. An inquisitorial interviewing method, known as PEACE, that is ethical and grounded in scientific research is outlined. Investigative interviewing reform can best be achieved through the implementation of a standardized national model that is based on PEACE and through increased practitioner-academic partnerships.
