ABSTRACTS
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PATTERNS OF RESIDUAL CRIMINAL CAREERS AMONG A SAMPLE OF ADJUDICATED FRENCH CANADIAN MALES
Lila Kazemian
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Marc LeBlanc
Université de Montréal, School of Psychoeducation
David P. Farrington
University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology
Ken Pease
Jill Dando Institute, University College London
This study investigates distributions of residual career length (RCL), which refers to the number of years remaining in criminal careers up to the point of termination. Analyses are based on a sample of French-Canadian adjudicated males from the Montreal Two Samples Longitudinal Study and include both self-reports and official records up to age 40. Distributions of RCL are presented according to age, serial conviction number, time since the previous conviction, age of onset, and offence type. Findings show that the number of years remaining in criminal careers declines at a steady pace with age, even among this sample of serious and persistent offenders. RCL also tends to decline with each successive conviction, with increased time lags between the current and previous offences, and with later onset. Furthermore, the accuracy of predictions of RCL bases on information available in official records is notable, given the skepticism of past research on this issue. Distributions of self-reported and official RCL were often highly similar, suggesting that official records appear to provide a reasonably accurate picture of criminal careers among high-rate offenders. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
LOCAL DRUG – CRIME DYNAMICS IN A CANADIAN MULTI-SITE SAMPLE OF UNTREATED OPIOID USERS
Patrick Manzoni
Institute of Criminology, University of Zurich
Benedikt Fischer and Jürgen Rehm
University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
This multi-site study analyzed self-reported involvement in property crime, drug dealing and sex work, across five Canadian cities, among a sample of 677 illicit opioid and other drug users outside of treatment. First, we assessed drug-use patterns and the extent of illegal income-generating behavior for each city. We then analyzed factors and city interactions contributing to the engagement in the respective criminal activity including drug use patterns, socio-economic characteristics and other illegal activities. With this approach we explored city-specific patterns of crime prediction, thus we identified local drug-crime associations. The study sample was recruited by outreach and snowball methods and assessed by standardized study protocols. Findings revealed substantial differences between the cities regarding both the extent and frequency of illegal activities. In regard to local differences, multiple logistic regression models revealed that crack use was strongly associated with property crime in Toronto, while cocaine use was strongly related with sex work in Montreal and Quebec City. This evidence points to local dynamics of drug cultures which are related to specific criminal activities. Implications for further research and intervention efforts are discussed.
YOUNG PEOPLE’S PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES OF THE LAWYER – CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
Michele Peterson-Badali, Stephanie Care, and Julia Broeking
Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology,
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Youth Criminal Justice Act afford young people the same due process rights given to adults, including the right to legal counsel. However, there has been little empirical investigation of how lawyers represent adolescent clients or the factors affecting youths’ evaluations of their lawyers and lawyer-client experiences. Insight into these issues is important in light of potential legal and social ramifications of young people’s appraisals of lawyers and their services. In the present study, 48 young offenders were interviewed regarding their experiences with defence lawyers to examine the factors associated with young people’s perceptions and evaluations of lawyers and the lawyer-client exchange. Results indicated that perceived fairness and various lawyer-client relationship and interpersonal factors were related to young people’s satisfaction with their lawyers. Youths’ understanding about lawyers did not predict their satisfaction, and no client-specific or outcome-related variables were found to affect young people’s appraisals of their lawyer-related experiences. Findings are discussed in terms of procedural justice theory as well as their practical implications.
LE PROTOCOLE SOCIOJUDICIAIRE EN MATIÈRE DE VIOLENCE CONJUGALE: UNE MOBILISATION CIBLÉE POUR UNE INNOVATION LIMITÉE DANS UN CHAMP FORTEMENT CONFLICTUEL
Angèle Bilodeau
Direction de santé publique, Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, et Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal
Denis Allard
Direction de santé publique, Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, et Institut national de santé publique du Québec
Chantal Lefebvre
Institut national de santé publique du Québec
Hélène Cadrin
Ministère de la Famille, des Ainés et de la Condition féminine, Gouvernement du Québec
Marie-Josée Pineault
Direction de la santé publique, de la planification et de l’évaluation, Agence de la santé et des services sociaux du Bas-Saint-Laurent
Cross-sector collaboration that leads to sustained systematic referral to police and social-legal support for women victims of conjugal violence continues to present a challenge in this field of intervention. This article discusses an evaluation of planning practices used for the development, implementation and sustainability of this type of innovative initiative: the socio-legal protocol in the region of Bas Saint-Laurent in Québec. The approach used was a longitudinal interpretive study based on a social theory of innovation, the theory of innovation translation. The planning practices deployed consisted in a strategic breakdown of the desired outcome and actors to mobilise, and the implementation of collaborative arrangements that made it possible to overcome controversies that have historically divided this field. The study shows that initial commitment of the various actors and demonstration of the feasibility of such an initiative are not enough to ensure it is sustained within organisations. These types of innovations rest on a patiently constructed network of alliances that is never stabilised. To facilitate continuity of these initiatives, their promoters must maintain a constant vigilance aimed at perpetually reinforcing the network of actors and preventing committed sectors from discontinuing their participation.
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